Cornerstone Definitions

To comprehend what is being written and “thrown at you” which you are being asked, coerced, or “induced” to assume responsibility for, you must first know the meaning of the words used. The “semantic deceit” is that those writing statute, ordinance, and code and presenting them as “law” allow you accept the common meaning, but when being held accountable for the writ, insist upon enforcing the undisclosed legal meaning until it is too late or far too difficult to make an argument. That level and style of deceit is evil; a form of “witchcraft”. As an example, [CTRL+F] search and review the meaning of “individual” on this page.

SEARCH PAGE: For this post, or this “collection”, likely presented with a keyword search of the entire site… continue your “keyword search” on this page on a computer keyboard by “holding CTRL and clicking F” for the “find” or “search page” function. On a mobile device, you likely look at your menu item for the “find in page” option, which works very much the same. It will show you the number of “hits” for your keyword, and allow you to scroll through the results by clicking the [^] and [v] arrows.

Why vocabulary is key:

They also tend to change definitions section by section to suit their agenda. Such is the characteristic of people who flock to “government”, and why making an effort to learn the pertinent definitions and concepts becomes so very important to resisting their tyranny and insatiable appetite to tell others how to live.

And don’t forget, United States Code, Code for Federal Regulations, and all the rest of their garbage only applies to you if you accept their offer to be a “U.S. Citizen” in exchange for all the “services” they are offering. “U.S. Citizens” are therefore “party to a contract” and “subject to” it’s terms and conditions. Once you change your status, the contract being “rescinded”, then none of the garbage of their “terms and conditions” applies to you any longer. To learn how that works, visit the HOME page, and click [LEARN MORE].

The following list is arranged alphabetically

Important Concepts:

administration: “[1] performance of executive duties : management
worked in the administration of a hospital [2] the act or process of administering something, the administration of justice, the administration of medication [3] the execution of public affairs as distinguished from policymaking” ; root: “administer” [Meriam-Webster]
As with “administer”, the government of the United States of America in particular and the several States thereof rests with the people who are “self-governing”. “We the people” decide the “law”. The law then is that which defines aberrant behavior and disruption of civil society, and what the reaction may be; or establishment of “policy and procedure”. The people are otherwise free from “law” or being “ruled”; having to answer to any such constant interference as can be seen in regulation, legislation, and the present “justice” system. The agencies, our public employees, are to then implement or execute (executive branch) the legis-lation, the written “law”, within a given scope of authority and possibly a sphere of responsibility. Such scope and sphere, which if exceeded or misplaced, subjects such administration or “incorrect execution” to answering violation of the law and/or trespass of the people’s rights. This is the very reason and need for an oath of office and public official bond for those that serve the public, elected or appointed. [author opinion]

American employer: is “an employer which is (1) the “United States” or any instrumentality (property) thereof, (2) an “individual” who is a “resident” of the “United States”, (3) a partnership… [corporate entity for] “residents” of the “United States”, (4) a trust… [for] “residents” of the “United States”, or (5) a corporation… under the laws of the “United States”…” (ref: §31.3121(h)-1)

amnesty: A sovereign act of pardon and oblivion for past acts, granted by a government to all persons (or to certain persons) who have been guilty of crime or delict, generally political offenses [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] such as: “…treason, sedition, rebellion, and often conditioned upon their return to obedience and duty within a prescribed time… Amnesty is the abolition and forgetfulness of the offense; pardon is forgiveness…” [Black’s Law, 5th Ed.]

body politic: A term applied to a corporation, which is usually designated as a “body corporate and politic.” The term is particularly appropriate to a public corporation invested with powers and duties of government. It is often used, in a rather loose way, to designate the state or nation or sovereign power, or the government of a county or municipality, without distinctly connoting any express and individual corporate character. Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 124, 24 L. Ed. 77; Coyle v. Mclntire, 7 Houst. (Del.) 44, 30 Atl. 728, 40 Am. St. Itep. 109; Warner v. Beers, 23 Wend. (N. Y.) 122; People v. Morris, 13 Wend. (N. Y.) 334. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] (1) a group of persons politically organized under a single governmental authority (2) archaic : CORPORATION sense 2 (3) a people considered as a collective unit; archaic related to “corporation” as (2) “: a body formed and authorized by law to act as a single person although constituted by one or more persons and legally endowed with various rights and duties including the capacity of succession.” [Merriam-Webster]

Buck Act: 4 USC §105-113 (Chapter 4); establishing “federal areas“.

by-law: “a law of local or limited application… the internal rules of a company or organization” [Black’s Law] …where “local and limited application” relate directly to jurisdiction.

carrier: …transport persons or property from place to place, by any means of conveyance, and with or without compensation.” (a commercial activity)

citizen: 26 CFR 1.1-1(c): …Every person born or naturalized in the “United States” and subject to its jurisdiction is a citizen. A member of a free city or jural society, (civitas) possessing all the rights and privileges which can be enjoyed by any person under its constitution and government, and subject to the corresponding duties. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] see also “civitas” for: “…Citizenship; one of the three status, conditions, or qualifications of persons.” (see: 28 USC §3002(15) for “United States”)

CITY OF DENVER, THE: to represent any number of corporate fictions operating under similar names with any combination of capital and lower-case letters, with or without “The” or “City” or “City of” as qualifiers. [dp claim comment]

civil: the domain or area for private acts, interest, and business of men and women, or the people, which is specifically separate from the public domain and ought to be free of outside interference.

civilian: a man or woman in their private capacity; as opposed to involved in public actions, organizations, or enterprises which involve public acts or involvement with other people’s rights and property.

civil service: the establishment of public servant organization or classes whose daily business and actions are to see to the establishment and protection of civilian rights and private property.

coalition: In French law. An unlawful agreement among several persons not to do a thing except on some conditions agreed upon; particularly, industrial combinations, strikes, etc.; a conspiracy. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] In contrast, see: “coalesce” [Merriam-Webster] (not represented with Black’s Law, 5th Ed.)

“collection of unlawful debt” as racketeering activity per 18 USC §1962(a)-(d)

common law: [Cornell WEX] (not certain of this interpretation…)

compensation: 26 USC §414 (n)(5)(c)(iii) for “employee”, “employer” relationships, and “salary reduction”; and 26 CFR 1.414(s)-1 (a)(2) for “pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus plan” and (d)(2) for “employees”.

constitutional rights: as opposed to simply “rights”…
(opinion: …is really a misnomer, as if your “rights” are sourced from or provided by a constitution; an organizational document and compact/agreement. Your rights are your rights because you are a man or woman on Earth. Those rights are inherent to your life and your being. If you respect such sentiment (as I do), you can trace such construct and belief structure back to Genesis chapter 1 in the Bible. Man is granted “dominion” over the Earth as a “trust” for generations which follow. What your rights have to do with the Constitution in the United States of America is that such rights are prohibited from trespass or interference by those public servants associated with or subject to such “compact”; which provides protection, not a grant.

constructive fraud: Under contract law, a defendant can be liable to a plaintiff for constructive fraud if there was: (1) a false misrepresentation; (2) in reference to a material fact; (3) for the purpose of inducing the other party to rely on such representation; 4) on which the other party did justifiably rely; (5) which resulted in damages or injury; and (6) a fiduciary relationship between the parties. Hagarty v. Ithaca City School District, 423 N.Y.S. 2d 843 (1979). [EX: “i had no idea they were robbing a bank, I was just giving friends a ride…”, collections of otherwise inert acts which “construct” or add-up-to fraud, trespass, and damage. -dp]; a constructive crime.

conveyance: “the legal process of moving land or property from one owner to another” (a legal process is commerce); “the process of transporting goods from one place to another” (also a commercial process) (Cambridge Dictionary)

“corporation” as public corporation: 2. A company owned by the government that provides [for the] public… [Black’s Law, 2 nd Ed.] and “incorporate” 1. To create a corporation; to confer a corporate franchise upon determinate persons. [Black’s Law, 2 nd Ed.] and “incorporate” 3. to give material form to [that which is otherwise “immaterial”] [Merriam-Webster, see also embody / personify]; further clarified with 14 CFR §47.2 (3) “corporation” as “citizen of the United States”.

country: “The portion of the earth’s surface occupied by an independent nation or people; or the inhabitants of such territory. In its primary meaning “country” signifies “place;” and. in a larger sense, the territory or dominions occupied by a community” [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] [Merriam Webster]

crime: “For a crime to exist, there must be an injured party. There can be no sanction or penalty imposed upon one because of his exercise of Constitutional rights.” Sherar v. Cullen, 481 F. 945.; and “Where there is no harm (as damage or trespass), there is no “crime”. All crimes have [four] basic common elements: (1) a voluntary act (“actus reus”); (2) a culpable intent (“mens rea”); (3) “concurrence” between the mens rea and the actus reus; and (4) causation of harm.” (…or injury; see also: tort) [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.; Criminal Law (Emanuel)].

Criminal Law (Emanuel): https://thelawdictionary.org/criminal-law-emanuel-2/

COUNTY OF MARICOPA, THE: to represent any number of corporate fictions operating under similar names with any combination of capital and lower-case letters, with or without “The” or “County” or “County of” as qualifiers. [dp claim comment]

de facto: “ACTUAL (2), especially : being such in effect (at the time, active) though not formally recognized [Merriam-Webster]; interpreted as “In fact, in deed, actually. This phrase is used to characterize an officer, a government, a past action, or a state of affairs which exists actually and must be accepted for all practical purposes, but which is illegal or illegitimate. In this sense it is the contrary of de jure, which means rightful. legitimate, just, or constitutional.” [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] (as a “jur-or” decides right and wrong, “jure” is right or just – dp)

direct tax: “A direct tax is a tax (1b) that a person or organization pays directly to the entity that imposed it. Examples include income tax, real property tax, personal property tax, and taxes on assets, all of which are paid by an individual taxpayer directly to the government.” [investopedia.com]; “…levied on individuals and organizations and cannot be shifted to another payer. Often… increase as the taxpayer’s ability to pay increases… called a progressive tax.” [taxfoundation.org]; “Direct vs. Indirect Tax” [thomsonreuters.com] [historical discussion]

dishonor: v. refusal to accept, n. nonacceptance of commercial paper… Merriam-Webster; for commercial purpose, UCC §3-502: DISHONOR and UCC §3-602: PAYMENT in relation to an “instrument” can be related.

District of Columbia: A territory situated on the Potomac river, and being the seat of government of the United States. It was originally ten miles square, and was composed of portions of Maryland and Virginia ceded by those states to the United States; but in 1846 the tract coming from Virginia was retroeeded [retroceded]. Legally it is neither a state nor a territory, but is made subject, by the constitution, to the exclusive jurisdiction of congress. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] [neither retroeed, retroeeded, nor possible mispelling as “retroceed” is present in any dictionary; perhaps “retrocede“, Merriam-Webster] (see retrocede herein)

domestic: 26 USC §7701(a)(4): “…applied to a corporation or partnership means created or organized in the United States or under the law of the “United States” or of any State…” (corporate by-laws)
[…is that what you thought “domestic” meant? … yep, me neither. -dp]

domicile: That place in which a man has voluntarily fixed [his] habitation… not for a mere special or temporary purpose, but with the present intention of making a permanent home [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.]

dominion: to have “dominion” over land, air, and water as “sea, air, and earth”; Genesis 1:26-28

drive:

elector: According to the 1787 Constitution, the number of electors are to equal the “whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled” with no “elector” being any “Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States…” [Art. II, Sect. 1, §2]; The electors are to meet “in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two (2) Persons…” to fill the federal offices of President and Vice President [Art. II, Sect. 1, §3]; electors are to have “the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.” [Article I, Sect. 2, §1]; “Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors…” [Article II, Sect. 1, §4]

employee: 5 USC §2105: Employee, defined as “officer and an individual”… appointed “in civil service… in official capacity”, support services of the armed forces, and others per (f) which are “appointed” to public service in support of government. 26 USC §3401(c) and 26 CFR 31.3121(d)-1 “individual”, “officers, employees, elected officials… agency, instrumentality” involved with “United States” as corporate parent, “states” as subdivisions, and corporate “officers”; further subsidiaries. see also 26 CFR §31.3121(b)-3, qualifier “within the United States” with (c)(1) “services performed outside the United States… do not constitute employment”.

employer: 26 USC §3401(d) the “person” for whom an individual performs or performed any service, of whatever nature, as the “employee” of such person (1) with “control of wages”; corporate units and function, see also “American employer”, dependent upon association as specified with those qualified as “employee”

ens legis: L Lat. A creature of the law; an artificial being, as contrasted with a natural person [man and living soul]. Applied to corporations, considered as deriving their existence entirely from the law. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] A being of the law; a legal entity. Used of corporations. [Bouviers Law Dictionary, pg 1042, 3rd Rev.]

entity: Legally, equal to a person… generic term inclusive of person, partnership, organization, or business… can be legally bound… uniquely identifiable from any other entity. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] ; see also “legal entity”: A lawful or legally standing association, corporation, partnership, proprietorship, trust, or individual. Has legal capacity to (1) enter into agreements or contracts, (2) assume obligations, (3) incur and pay debts, (4) sue and be sued in its own right, and (5) to be accountable for illegal activities. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.]

federal area: “…any lands or premises held or acquired by or for the use of the United States or any department, establishment, or agency, of the United States; and any Federal area, or any part thereof, which is located within the exterior boundaries of any State, shall be deemed to be a Federal area located within such State.” [per 4 USC §110: definitions (e)]

federation: “[1] an encompassing political or societal entity formed by uniting smaller or more localized entities: such as [a] a federal government [b] a union of organizations”; [Merriam-Webster]
Before there can be any uniting or cooperation, there must first be entities or established groups which may cooperate, such as the several (separate) “States” of the union of the United States of America.

felony: are convicted acts which involve criminal action upon another man or woman. see “crime“.

Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107 (1911), wherein the court defined excise taxes as “… taxes laid upon the manufacture, sale, or consumption of commodities within the country, upon licenses to pursue certain occupations, and upon corporate privileges.”

forced labor: per 18 USC §1589: Forced labor
(1) by means of force, physical restraint, or threats [of such]
(3) by means of the abuse or threatened abuse of law or legal process; or
(4) by means of any scheme, plan, or pattern

foreign corporation: 26 CFR 1.957-1 controlled (a) “…more than 50 percent of either (1) …combined voting power of all classes of stock (2) the total value of the stock… (for multiple public shareholders) where “foreign” (Black’s Law) is defined 26 USC §7701 (5) “…when applied to a corporation or partnership means… not domestic” [see §7701 (a)(4)]; as related to “United States” (inc.) jurisdiction; rather than a label or moniker which summarizes service in trade by which a man pursues his private livelihood. (dp)

foreign national: “A foreign national is a person or organization who is not a citizen of the United States, and who is a citizen (national or “inhabitant”) of a foreign country (member of foreign nation?). The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (8 USC Ch 12) uses the term “alien” to refer to a person who is not a United States citizen, and does not use the term “foreign national. (note: “see also 8 USC §1101(a)(21)” [& (a)(23)] (Cornell WEX), also 31 CFR § 802.220: “any individual other than a U.S. national.” [United States National, see 8 USC §1101(a)(22)] see also “non-resident alien”

full lawful name: your given or good name given to you at nativity; when expressed as “First Middle Last” (capitalized) is your tradename and “lawful person” by which you interact with the world. ”…that such officer may be lawfully addressed in their private capacity with a proper tort claim if it is found such officer pursues fraud and/or extortion. -dp” Abbreviations of first or middle names, as with “John Q. Public” are “lawfully non-specific” and therefore do not allow for lawful address with grievance in answer of trespass.

gloss: 3 of 4; noun (2)(b): a false and often willfully misleading interpretation (as of a text) [Merriam-Webster]; an ancient form with its roots in the Roman imperial legal system… the gloss evolved extensively during the Middle Ages, reaching great significance in the early modern period during the controversies of the Reformation. The gloss can be seen as subsidiary to the main text… A gloss’ presence foregrounds literary authority, hierarchies of knowledge, and processes of meaning-making. [Stenner summary]; the expression of a name as a “title”, often in some mix of CAPITALIZATION, ordering, or punctuation, indicating hierarchy or subservience, related to a real man or woman, yet a separate and often legal entity (see ens legis) and incorporate fiction.
(see Chicago Manual of Style and Government book of styles; no citing found)

gross income: as described with 26 USC part II, §71-91: “ITEMS SPECIFICALLY INCLUDED IN GROSS INCOME”; also 26 USC §61.

“gross receipts” – 26 USC §199A: Qualified business income
(g)(3)(D) Domestic Production gross receipts: (i) “…gross receipts of the taxpayer which are derived from any lease, rental, license, sale, exchange, or other disposition of any agricultural or horticultural product which was manufactured, produced, grown, or extracted by the taxpayer…” which assumes “domestic” sources of material and acceptance of the role “taxpayer”.

Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. 431 @ 74 reads; “…entitled to carry on his private business in his own way. His power to contract is unlimited. He owes no duty to the State… or to open his doors to an investigation.”

H.R. Rep. No. 1884 89th Cong., 2nd Session 1, 2 (?) [see IRS claim, B.W.]

“human“: which is the “hue”, “color”, and “legal” reference to office(s) operated by men, rather than “man”, “mankind” and such “lawful standing” upon the face of God’s Earth entrusted to “man”. Therefore, “human being” should be more accurately (and honestly) expressed “legal entity” which is office, title, role, or post. Note that ARS 13-105 (30) contains other terms in reference which are all corporate terms, yet never specifies “man”, “woman”, or “people” (because that isn’t the issue with such code). In similar fashion are such other citings referencing “person” and “persons” which might use “human” in explanation. -dp

individual: as included with other strictly corporate terms with 26 USC §7701, relates liability as an “incorporeal” entity, a single unit or division of an incorporated body of fictitious entities (association and member), and is no “man” which can stand for any matter; “As a noun… denotes a single person as distinguished from a group or class, and also, very commonly, a private or natural person [man and living soul] as distinguished from a partnership, corporation, or association; but it is said that this restrictive signi- fication is not necessarily inherent in the word, and that it may, in proper cases, include artificial persons. See Bank of U. S. v. State, 12 Smedes & M. (Miss.) 400; State v. Bell Telephone Co.. 30 Ohio St. 310, 38 Am. Rep. 583; Pennsylvania it. Co. v. Canal Com’rs, 21 Pa. 20. As an adjective, “individual” means pertaining or belonging to, or characteristic of, one single person, either in opposition to a firm, association, or corporation, or considered in his relation thereto. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] In matters of law, common usage yields to specific “legal” and lawful definitions. See also: 5 USC §552a: Definitions (2) “the term “individual” means a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence” and 26 CFR §31.3121(d)-1 – Who are employees; (which describe “individuals” throughout as “employees” or sub-units of corporate organizations.)

“induction” or “induced”:

“instrumentality”:  the quality or state of being instrumental, which is “serving as a crucial means, agent, or tool” [Merriam-Webster] (tools in your toolbox are your property, therefore as American employer, “property of the United States” -dp)

“involuntary servitude”: per 18 USC §1584: Sale into involuntary servitude
“…includes kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or the attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill…”

“income tax”: “…means any tax levied on, with respect to, or measured by, net income, gross income, or gross receipts.” ref: 4 USC §110(c):

income: see 26 USC §61(a) “sources of income”, §61(b) ref: “Part II §71-91”, and “Part III §101: Certain death benefits”; see also “wages”; for 26 USC Part 1: Tax on Individuals as §1 “Tax imposed” for (a) and (d) “married individuals”, (b) “heads of households”, (c) “unmarried individuals”, (e) “estates and trusts”, (g) “income” of “children”, (h)(1) “taxpayer”; each incorporate entities, and not “men”, “women” nor “the people”. see 26 CFR §1.643(b)-1: Definition of Income; “…“income” [without qualifiers] means the amount of income of an estate or trust for the taxable year determined under the terms of the governing instrument and applicable local law….”; and IRS Code §61(a) “sources of income”, Form 6638 (12-82), 61(b) and “Part II §71” [Aff Revoc Rescis BW, #20]

jural: “1. Pertaining to natural or positive right, or to the doctrines of rights and obligations; as “jural relations.” 2. Of or pertaining to jurisprudence; juristic ; juridical. 3. Recognized or sanctioned by positive law; embraced within, or covered by, the rules and enactments of positive law. Thus, the “jural sphere” is to be distinguished from the “moral sphere;” the latter denoting the whole scope or range of ethics or the science of conduct, the former embracing only such portions of the same as have been made the subject of legal sanction or recognition. 4. Founded in law; organized upon the basis of a fundamental law, and existing for the recognition and protection of rights. Thus, the term “jural society” is used as the synonym of “state” or “organized political community.” JURAMENTUM. Lat. In the civil law. An oath.” [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.]

jurisdiction: (Lat. jus, law, dicere, to declare). The authority by which judicial officers take cognizance of and decide cases. “The test of the jurisdiction of a court is whether or not it had power to enter upon the inquiry; not whether its conclusion in the course of it was right or wrong”; (Board of Com’rs of Lake County v. Platt, 79 Fed. 567, 25 C. C. A. 87.) [Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, Vol. II, 8th Ed., Rev. 3 (Rawle) pg. 1760, ]

jury trial: [vs. trial by jury] [citation needed]

legal: that which men express on paper, applicable only within relative jurisdiction, often applied in error without jurisdiction. (4) Posited by the courts as the inference or imputation of the law, as a matter of construction, rather than established by actual proof [Black’s Law, 2 nd Ed.] “legality”: 1. As implied warranty… statutes of a particular jurisdiction are the basis for any act, agreement, or contract in that jurisdiction. 2. As a legal principle, no crime exists if an action is not a crime in that specific jurisdiction. [Black’s Law, 2 nd Ed.]

legis: of the law; root: Latin; “…from legis, genitive of lex “law” (legislator), “Late Latin legislationem (nominative legislatio), properly two words, legis latio, “a proposing (literally ‘bearing’) of a law;” (legislation); (etymonline.com)

legislator:

livelihood: “means of support or subsistence; [Merriam-Webster] see SUBSISTENCE: the “means of subsisting: such as (a) the minimum (as of food and shelter) necessary to support life and/or (b) a source or means of obtaining the necessities of life. ALSO: Murdock v. Penna., 319 U.S. 105 (1943); states: “A state may not impose a charge for the enjoyment of a right…”

livery vehicle:

malfeasance: an act which causes physical or monetary harm to another, intentional, wrongful or unlawful conduct, especially by officials or public employees. [Cornell WEX Law] and “The wrongful or unjust doing of some act which the doer has no right to perform, or which he has stipulated by contract not to do. It differs from “mis- feasance” and “non-feasance” [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] [related to what is “feasible” or actionable – dp]

member: “any of the persons constituting a partnership, association, corporation, guild, etc.”; one portion of an incorporate body; and [2] “one of the individuals composing a group”, also [4b] “one of the propositions of a syllogism”, and [4c] “one of the elements of a set or class” [Merriam-Webster]

Monell v. Department of Soc. Svcs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978) (Monell Claim) for “patterns, policies, and practices”; Corporations are prohibited to infringe upon rights of the living. “Local governing bodies (and local officials sued in their official capacities) can, therefore, be sued directly under 42 USC §1983 for monetary, declaratory, and injunctive relief in those situations where, as here, the action that is alleged to be unconstitutional implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted or promulgated by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy. In addition, local governments, like every other §1983 “person,” may be sued for constitutional deprivations visited pursuant to governmental “custom” even though such custom has not received formal approval through the government’s official decision making channels.” Pp. 436 U. S. 690-691.

money: A general, indefinite term for the measure and representative of value; currency; the circulating medium ; cash. (presently) “Money” is a generic term, and embraces every description of coin or bank-notes recognized by common consent as a representative of value in effecting exchanges of property or payment of debts. Hopson v. Fountain. 5 Humph. (Tenn.) 140. Money is used in a specific and also in a general and more comprehensive sense. In its specific sense, it means what is coined or stamped by public authority, and has its determinate value fixed by governments. In its more comprehensive and general sense, it means wealth. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] (lawfully) by the Constitution for the united States of America, Article 1, Section 10: “No state shall… coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts…” with the Coinage Act of 1792 defining the “U.S. Dollar” in Section 9 as, “Dollars or the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure [refined], or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver” (also 0.7734375 Troy ounces) [usmint.gov] [silver standard discussion]

Monroe Cattle Co. v. Becker, 147 U.S. 47 (1893) says: Defendant was impleaded by the name of A. W. Becker. Initials are no legal part of a name, the authorities holding the full Christian name to be essential. [see point #17]
[EXAMPLE: “John Q. Public” then is not a “lawful” name. It requires that we undergo additional steps of discovery in order to address a public servant by their lawful name… in my opinion an error that we should insist public servants correct, but which we should prove by example when we assume our “offices” with the people’s assembly. -dp]

motor vehicle: a government service corporate and administrative term; often applied generally and in error by color of law [18 USC §242] to the people’s private property; defined at 18 USC §31 (a)(6) as “…every description of carriage or other contrivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes [18 USC §31 (a)(10)] on the highways in the transportation of passengers, passengers and property, or property or cargo”; key application: “commercial purposes”, “transportation”, “passengers”, and “cargo”, which are all commercial terms. For Arizona, ARS 28-101: Definitions (50) Motor Vehicle: at (b) “Does not include… a personal delivery device, a personal mobile cargo carrying device…” related: ARS 28-101: Definitions (87) “vehicle” at (b) “…(b) Does not include: (iii) Personal delivery devices (v) Personal mobile cargo carrying devices.

nation: “…nations or sovereign states are to be considered as so many free persons living together in the state of nature.” [Law of Nations, 1758]; A people, or aggregation of men, existing in the form of an organized jural society, inhabiting a distinct portion of the earth, speaking the same language, using the same customs, possessing historic continuity, and distinguished from other like groups by their racial origin and characteristics, and generally, but not necessarily, living under the same government and sovereignty. See Montoya v. U. S., 180 U. S. 201, 21 Sup. Ct 358, 45 L. Ed. 521; Worcester v. Georgia, 6 Pet. 539, 8 L. Ed. 483; Republic of Honduras v. Soto, 112 N. Y. 310, 19 N. E. 845, 2 L. R. A. 042, 8 Am. St. Rep. 744. Besides the element of autonomy or self-government, that is, the independence of the community as a whole from the interference of any foreign power in its affairs or any subjection to such power, it is further necessary to the constitution of a nation that it should be an organized jural society, that is, both governing its own members by regular laws, and defining and protecting their rights, and respecting the rights and duties which attach to it as a constituent member of the family of nations. Such a society, says Vattel, has her affairs and her interests ; she deliberates and takes resolutions in common; thus becoming a moral person, who possesses an understanding and will peculiar to herself, and is susceptible of obligations and rights. Vattel. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.]

national: per 8 USC §1101(a)(21) …means “owing permanent allegiance to a state” and (23) “nationalization” is conferring nationality of a state “by any means whatsoever”; with “absolute acceptance” and declaration. [This should not be confused with §1101 (a)(22) for “National of the United States”, a separate jurisdiction linked to United States as “citizen”. Federal employees would be “U.S. Nationals” (-dp).] 

“net income”

net retention: an financial incentive for judges to achieve a finding or ruling for felony convictions, for which a judge may receive ninety-thousand dollars per conviction [third-party info], which can be and is often shared with the prosecutor and/or legal representation of the “defendant” as an “officer of the court” (BAR member). [citing needed]
Search: “12 Presumptions of the BAR Guild” for other nefarious conditions active with our “justice system”.

non-resident alien: 26 USC §7701: Definitions (b)(1)(B): “An individual is a nonresident alien if such individual is neither a citizen of the United States nor a resident of the United States” (particular for “IRS” topic of taxation, otherwise “foreign national” -dp) “non-resident alien” individuals are specified not a taxable “U.S. Person” nor “U.S. Citizen”, with 26 CFR 1.871-1 and 26 USC 7701(b)(1)(B)
[related: 26 USC §7701 (b) Definition of resident alien and nonresident alien (1)(A) An alien individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States (iii) First year election; Such individual makes the election provided in paragraph (4) First-Year Election.]

Nunc pro tunc: “now for then”: or commonly, “then as now”; https://legaldictionary.net/nunc-pro-tunc/

Office: a right to exercise a public or private employment, and to take the fees and emoluments thereunto belonging, whether public, as those of magistrates, or private, as of bailiffs, receivers, or the like… That function by virtue whereof a person has some employment in the affairs of an- other, whether judicial, ministerial, legislative, municipal, ecclesiastical, etc. An employment on behalf of the government in any station (role or post? -dp) or public trust, not merely transient, occasional, or incidental. [MORE at Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] (a person as office, title, role, or post granted a scope of authority and bearing a sphere of responsibility – dp)

parity:

“peace“: As applied to the affairs of a state or nation peace may be either external or internal. In the former case, the term denotes the prevalence of amicable relations and mutual good will between the particular society and all foreign powers. In the latter case, it means the tranquility, security, and freedom from commotion or disturbance which is the sign of good order and harmony and obedience to the laws among all the members of the society, in a somewhat technical sense, peace denotes the quiet, security, good order, and decorum which is guarantied by the constitution of civil society and by the laws. People v. Rounds, 67 Mich. 482, 35 N. W. 77; Corvallis v. Carlile, 10 Or. 139. 45 Am. Rep. 134. The concord or final agreement in a fine of lands. 18 Edw. I. “Modus Lcvandi Finis.” [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] For purposes of breach of the peace statute, peace is that state and sense of safety which is necessary to the comfort and happiness of every citizen, and which government is instituted to secure. (State v. Boles, 5 Conn.Cir. 22, 240 A.2d 920, 927)… The tranquility enjoyed by a political society, internally by the good order which reigns among its members, and externally by the good understanding it has with all other nations. Applied to the internal regulations of a nation, peace imports, in a technical sense, not merely a state of repose and security as opposed to one of violence or warfare, but likewise a state of public order and decorum. (Catlette v. U.S., C.C.A. W. Va., 132 F.2d 902, 906) [Black’s Law, 5th Ed.]

person: and “persons” herein represents any corporate fiction as “no living being and no soul” which has no standing in any matter. Formally “person” indicates an office, title, role, or post with a granted “scope of authority” (jurisdiction) and area of responsibility (venue); see: ARS 13-105 (30), Az. UCC ARS 47-1201(27) “…any other legal or commercial entity”, 1 USC §1 without mention for “men or women”, 26 USC §7343, 42 USC §1791(b)(11), UCC §1-201(27), definition for “United States” within 50 USC §4302, and 26 USC §7701(a)(1): “The term “person” shall be construed to mean and include an individual, a trust, estate, partnership, association, company or corporation. United States v Cooper Corp. 312 US 600, 604, 85 L Ed 1071, 61 S Ct 742 (1941); “While the United States is a juristic person in the sense that it can sue upon its contracts or in vindication of its property rights, the term “person” does not include the sovereign in common usage nor, ordinarily, when employed in statutes.” P. 312 U. S. 604. See also: 15 USC §7: “Person” or “persons”: “…shall be deemed to include corporations and associations…” Authorized by statute makes a thing “legal”, or incorporate; a fictional entity and matter on paper and not necessarily “lawful” on principle.  (see also 26 USC §6331: specifically describing government agents and employees)

personage: deliberately confusing a fictional corporate entity with a man and living soul [citing: is not listed with either Black’s Law, 2nd Ed. nor Bouvier’s 8th, 3rd rev. Rawle] ”(3) a dramatic, fictional, or historical character, also : IMPERSONATION” [Merriam-Webster] 
[NOTE: While there may be no “official” definition for our purpose, the principles of associating the incorporated entity which can be made subject to authority or jurisdiction with a living man who is not, is certainly an attempt at exerting authority over them as with the following more kinetic or physical examples. Certainly related to forms of identity theft and human trafficking. -dp] ”First recorded in 1425–75; late Middle English: “body or image (statue, portrait) of a person man” (but not the man himself -dp) [from Old French, Dictionary.com]

privilege: a right or immunity granted as a peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor : PREROGATIVE; especially : such a right or immunity attached specifically to a position or an office (anything granted is subject to rescission) [Merriam-Webster]

public official bond: “Public official bonds were created to protect the public from the dishonest conduct of public employees and have been in use since the early 1800s. These bonds are required by statute in most states and may be issued for specific individuals or in a blanket form for an entire department. In contrast, government employee crime coverage policies have become an increasingly popular alternative to bonds…” [American BAR Association] see: “bond”
You might note the source; apparently the BAR knows precisely why these are to exist, and that there is a “move” away from that which is proper to that which subverts justice from “trespass” to limited application to “crime”; which is defined in their world by “statute, ordinance, or code” rather than trespass (hurt) or damage (injury). Not a surprising strategy considering most public offices are filled by those trained as “attorneys”. [author opinion]

Reporting Agent Authorization: per Form 8655: see irs.gov at “About Form 8655, Reporting Agent Authorization”

remunerate: “to pay an equivalent to for a service, loss, or expense” [Merriam-Webster], upon which is no profit, but an equal exchange… therefore, no “IRS” business. [dp]

republic: a government structure based upon the reasoning, publication, and guidance of law, as opposed to an oligarchy (2), despotism (1a & b), or monarchy (1); proceeding upon principles of established law; review of published principle. A “representative” function often associated with “democracy”, is a separate but related concept to the governing concepts with representatives in congress (meeting) to establish the principles of guiding “law”, or a legislature (see: legis). The more common concept of republic is often expected to be synonymous with a representative democracy, (a government of popular opinion) which is notably different than republic, “a nation of laws”. Note the discussion and common confusion at [Merriam-Webster] for “republic” as “Is the United States a democracy or a republic?” for which definition of democracy misses the “rule by popular opinion” concept completely. Even etymology only briefly mentions “principles”, nearly missing the base concept. [etymonline]

resident: “resident” and “inhabitant” are distinguishable in meaning. The word “inhabitant” implies a more fixed and permanent abode than does “resident;” and a resident may not be entitled to all the privileges (rights) or subject to [free from] all the duties of the resident [as is an inhabitant].” [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed., corrected-dp] Residents of the “United States” [see: 26 USC §7701(a)(9) and (10) and 26 CFR § 301.7701(b)-1 – Resident alien.. at (b): “an individual who has been lawfully granted the privilege of residing permanently in the United States …deemed to continue unless it is rescinded or …abandoned.” (Residents are assigned to the District of Columbia federal area by presumption and default. -dp) [“citizen” per 26 CFR 1.1-1(c)]

retrocede: Using a retrocession contract to defer responsibility from the retrocedant to a retrocessionaire. Refer to cede, recessionaire [retrocessionaire], and retrocedant. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.] [Merriam-Webster] (as related to District of Columbia status)

rights: mankind has rights, un-a-lien-able; citizens only have “privileges” which are subject to rescission. In addition and as clarification, rights are not granted by constitution, but are therein protected from trespass.

security: a certificate of obligation backed by intrinsic value; such value being subject to loss or forfeit upon default.

self-employed: 26 USC §401: (c) definitions… relating to self-employed individuals and owner employees (1) self-employed individual treated as employee; specifying for (A) “employee”, “earned income” (c)(2) based upon “earnings” of (c)(2)(A)(i) “taxpayer“ (iii) “individual” (v) and (vi) for “taxpayer” rather than “remuneration“; classified by election, often in error.

society: An association or company of persons (generally unincorporated) united together by mutual consent, in order to deliberate, determine, and act jointly for some common purpose. In a wider sense, the community or public; the people in general. Gilmer v. Stone, 120 U.S. 586, 7 S.Ct. 689, 30 L.Ed. 734 [Black’s Law, 5th Ed.] sim: [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.]

State: The expression can be indicative of meaning with “state” as the people or inhabitants and their claim to territory, “State” as the organization of governing authority and application of published law (most common, see also republic), or “STATE” a corporate structure of the present governing power; as with 26 USC §7701(a)(10): “…construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to carry out provisions of this title.” Thus “State”, as it is used within Title 26 USC (U.S. “tax code”), is a subdivision of a government service corporation, and no territory as such may be commonly associated. STATE OF TEXAS, THE: to represent any number of corporate fictions operating under similar names with any combination of capital and lower-case letters, with or without “The” or “State” or “State of” as qualifiers. [dp claim comment]

tangential: touching lightly, of little relevance [Merriam-Webster]

Sovereign: “sovereign power” – the power and the authority to make and enforce the law of the land. See “inherent power” – An authority possessed without its being derived from another. A right, ability, or faculty of doing a thing, without receiving that right, ability, or faculty from another; and “sovereign authority” – A body such as a parliament (ex) whose actions have a legal lawful force and who has the ultimate power to modify, lay down and rescind any laws of the land [emphasis added]. [Black’s Law, 2nd Ed.]

“State”: 26 CFR §31.3121(e)-1 (a) “includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii before their admission as States… Guam and American Samoa.” which as described introduce obfuscation and confusion of concepts and applicability.

taxable income: (Title 26 research)

taxpayer: means any person subject to any internal revenue tax, per 26 USC 7701(a)(14); which assumes subjection by classification, “internal” to such jurisdiction, and “person” as title and position when defined as “an individual, a trust, estate, partnership, association, company or corporation”; each incorporate entities. Especially as “person” defined with 26 USC §6331: “…as used in subsection (a), includes an officer or employee of a corporation or a member or employee of a partnership, who as such officer, employee, or member…”, which are all corporate terms describing employees of federal “government”.

tender: “… to unconditionally offer money or performance to meet an obligation… most commonly… in the context of the contractual sale of goods.” also per California Code of Civil Procedure § 2074: “an offer in writing to pay a particular sum of money or to deliver a written instrument or specific personal property, is, if not accepted, equivalent to the actual production and tender of the money, instrument, or property.” [Cornell WEX] ref: UCC §3-603: involving “payment”, “obligation to pay an instrument”, “effect of tender” and “principles of law… under a simple contract” or agreement. Black’s Law 5th Edition, not surprisingly associated with the “attorney class”, limits such relation to “money” as: “An offer of money. The act by which one produces and offers to a person holding a claim or demand against him the amont of money which he considers and admits to be due, in satisfaction of such claim or demand, without any stipulation or condition…” [MORE: Black’s Law 2nd Ed.]

trade: an equal exchange where values for that which is received are perceived as equal to the value of that which is imparted; EX: a man’s time, effort, and expertise in trade for his livelihood. There is no perceptible “gain” or profit where values are held equal, or laborers wouldn’t continue to show up for work. Look to the business owner for profit whereby if there was no gain on hired labor, there would be no profit for the business. Therein lies a basic argument for “taxation” upon a man’s private pursuit of one’s livelihood, a right to pursue such without hindrance, levy, or regulation. (see also “wages” for contrasting ideas)

transportation: “removal of goods or persons from one place to another, by a carrier.” (a commercial activity)

“transmitting utility” UCC 9-102(a)(81)(C) transmitting goods by pipeline; (44)(3) “goods”: unborn young of animals (ref: minors) also value; “pipeline“: a process or channel of supply (Merriam-Webster); (a constructive fraud and extortion -dp)

tranquility:

Treasury Directive 15-42: home.treasury.gov… td15-42 “Regarding Money Laundering Investigations”

trial by jury [vs. jury trial] [citation needed]

union:

United States: defined as 28 USC §3002: (15) “United States” means (A) a Federal corporation; with related UCC 9-307 (h) Location of United States. The United States is located in the District of Columbia, where 28 USC §88: District of Columbia; The District of Columbia constitutes one judicial district. Court shall be held at Washington. 26 USC §7701(a)(9) & (10) refer specifically to the “District of Columbia” and its sub-corporate entities as “States”; also 26 CFR § 31.3121(e)-1 for “State, United States, and citizen”, and “The United States government is a foreign corporation with respect to a State” Volume 20: Corpus Juris Sec. §1785, see also: Also: NY, Re: Merriam 36 N.E. 505 1441 S. 0.1973, 14 L. Ed. 287 (“State” as federal areas and territories outside the continental and federated states -dp) 50 USC §4302(c) from the “Trading With the Enemy Act of 1917” (Title 50, ch 53) has very interesting descriptions of “United States” and “ITs” function.

United States National: ref: 22 USC §6023 (15) United States national… also “federal citizen“, means— (A) any United States citizen; or (B) any other legal entity which is organized under the laws of the United States, or of any State, the District of Columbia, or any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States, and which has its principal place of business in the United States. and 8 USC §1101 (a)(22) The term “national of the United States” means (A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.

“UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE” to represent any number of corporate fictions operating under similar names with any combination of capital and lower-case letters, with or without “The” or “America” as qualifiers. [dp claim comment]

“United States Person”: (A) citizen or resident of the “United States”, (B)-(E) as incorporate entities; see: 26 USC 7701(a)(30) and §957(c) “United States person”, an incorporation

“U.S. person”: 26 CFR 1.1471-1(b)(141) (i) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b)(141)(ii) of this section, the term U.S. person or United States person means a person described in section 7701(a)(30), the United States government (including an agency or instrumentality thereof), a State (including an agency or instrumentality thereof), or the District of Columbia (including an agency or instrumentality thereof).

US Bill of Rights – Amendment XIII
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted…”

U.S. Constitution: Article 1, Section 10

vehicle: on Arizona at ARS 28-101: Definitions (87) (b) “…(b) Does not include: (iii) Personal delivery devices (v) Personal mobile cargo carrying devices. related: “motor vehicle“

“void ab initio”: a maxim of law; “without merit from inception”; in two parts: [1] void: Having no legal effect from the start. Thus, a void contract is invalid from the start of its purported closing (having no legal effect, it does not change the legal relationship between the parties involved). [Cornell WEX Law] and [2] “ab initio“: a Latin term that means “from the beginning” or “from inception.” Ab initio is used to indicate that some fact existed from the start of a relevant time period. It is often used as part of the phrase “void ab initio,” meaning something – such as a marriage – was void from the beginning. [Cornell WEX Law]

wages: 26 USC §3401(a) are “remuneration… for services performed by an “employee” for his “employer”; also 26 CFR §31.3401(a)-1 -Wages; where “remunerate” is “to pay an equivalent to for a service, loss, or expense” [Merriam-Webster], upon which is no profit, but an equal exchange… therefore, no “IRS” business. (do you match descriptions for “employee”? If not, then remuneration would not be “wages”. -dp)

Withholding Agent: “A withholding agent may be an individual, corporation, partnership, trust, association, or any other entity, including any foreign intermediary, foreign partnership, or U.S. branch of certain foreign banks and insurance companies.” [irs.gov, also 26 CFR §1.1473-1(b)(7)(d)(1)] also 26 USC 7701(a)(16)